Nutraceuticals use and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complicated metabolic disease and has become one of the significant medical problems worldwide. Researchers aim to provide fine-tuned treatment for T2DM with minimal exposed side effects. Nutraceuticals are compounds or materials and emerging evidence suggests that the use of nutraceuticals has recently been recognized as a promising option for the prevention and management of T2DM, such as probiotics and prebiotics, Vitamin D, n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, and Plant-derived nutraceuticals. This review attempts to show the most popular nutraceuticals and review their effects and possible mechanisms in the prevention or glycemic control of T2DM.     

GLP-1类似物在糖尿病肾病患者中的疗效分析

目的观察胰高血糖素样肽-1(glucagon-like peptide-1,GLP-1)类似物对2型糖尿病早期肾病患者的肾脏保护作用。方法2017年11月—2019年12月间选取使用GLP-1类似物并参与随访的2型糖尿病早期肾病患者30例,收集患者治疗6个月前后的体重,体质指数(body mass index,BMI),腰围,臀围,血糖,生化指标等,计算胰岛β细胞功能相关指标,进行对比分析。结果治疗后腰围、2 hPG、HbA1c、HOMA-IR、TC、TG、ALB、MA/Cr、UA较治疗前降低,HOMA-β较治疗前升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Pearson相关性分析示:HbA1c与MA/Cr呈负相关性(r=-0.421,P<0.05);HOMA-β、TG、TC、UA与MA/Cr呈正相关性(r=0.777,P<0.05;r=0.757,P<0.05;r=0.470,P<0.05;r=0.443,P<0.05)。HbA1c与ALB呈负相关性(r=-0.433,P<0.05);HOMA-β、TG、TC、UA与ALB呈正相关性(r=0.723,P<0.05;r=0.756,P<0.05;r=0.493,P<0.05;r=0.374,P<0.05)。结论GLP-1类似物对2型糖尿病早期肾病患者有较好的降糖、调脂、改善胰岛功能、保护肾脏的作用,而且降血糖、降血脂、改善胰岛功能可能有益于肾脏保护。     

妊娠期糖尿病患者血糖控制与妊娠结局的关系

目的探究妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)患者血糖控制与妊娠结局的关系。方法2017年12月—2019年12月间对该院65例GDM患者的病历资料做回顾性分析,并随机选取30名正常妊娠的孕妇作为健康对照组,GDM患者均给予常规治疗,依据血糖控制情况分为达标组及未达标组,血糖达标以美国糖尿病协会制定的血糖控制目标为标准,分别比较3组对象及围产儿并发症发生情况。结果3组对象分娩前FBG、2 hPG、HbAlc水平比较差异有统计学意义(F=36.100、37.634、48.209,P<0.05);达标组羊水过多、胎膜早破、妊娠期高血压、酮症酸中毒发生率分别为(5.45%、7.27%、5.45%、9.09%)均较未达标组的(60.00%、50.00%、60.00%、70.00%)更低,差异有统计学意义(χ²=21.104、12.950、19.059、20.854,P<0.05),与健康对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),3组产后感染、产后出血、剖宫产发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);达标组巨大儿、新生儿窒息、新生儿低血糖、胎儿窘迫发生率分别为(7.27%、5.45%、3.64%、1.82%)均较未达标组的(60.00%、50.00%、40.00%、40.00%)更低,差异有统计学意义(χ²=18.071、15.557、9.366、12.412,P<0.05),与健康对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),3组早产儿发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论GDM患者血糖水平控制情况与其妊娠结局及围产儿并发症具有密切关系。     

The impact of dusk phenomenon on total glucose exposure in Chinese people with type 2 diabetes

This study was aimed at assessing the impact of the dusk phenomenon on the total glucose exposure in Chinese people with type 2 diabetes.A total of 380 type 2 diabetes who received a retrospective continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMs) for 72 hours were enrolled in our study, 32 of them failed in CGMs. The patients were first divided into 2 groups: dusk phenomenon (n = 95) and non dusk phenomenon group (n = 253). The magnitude of the dusk phenomenon (δDusk) was quantified by pre-dinner glucose minus post-lunch 2 hours glucose. A persistent δDusk ≥ 0 or a once only δDusk < 0 can be diagnosed with the dusk phenomenon. The participants were secondarily matched for the post-lunch 2 hours glucose to assess the impact of the dusk phenomenon on the overall glucose exposure. The impact of the dusk phenomenon was assessed on high-performance liquid chromatography assay (HbA1c) and 24-hour mean glucose.There were 95 of 348 (27.3%) participants with the dusk phenomenon in the overall population, and the median of δDusk level was –0.8 (–1.8, 0.2) mmol/L. The median of glucose differences between the 2 paired groups were 0.4 (–0.4, 1.0)% for HbA_1c, 0.9 (0.2, 1.4) mmol/L for 24 hours mean glucose. The correlation analysis showed no relationship between the magnitude of dawn phenomenon and the dusk phenomenon (r = 0.052, P = .472).The incidence of dusk phenomenon is about 27.3% in people with type 2 diabetes. The impacts of dusk phenomenon on HbA1c and 24-hour mean glucose were about 0.4% and 0.9 mmol/L and the dusk phenomenon was not related with the dawn phenomenon.     

Fasting glucose and its association with 20-year all-cause and cause-specific mortality in Chinese general population

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to explore the relationship between fasting glucose levels and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in Chinese population.MethodsThe role of fasting blood glucose levels as a predictor of all-cause and cause-specific mortality was estimated in 9930 participants from four Chinese general populations with a 20-year follow-up. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were used to identify the relationship between fasting glucose and mortality.ResultsThere were 1471 deaths after a median follow-up of 20.2 years (a total of 187,374 person-years), including 310 cardiovascular deaths, 581 cancer deaths, and 580 other-cause deaths. After adjustment for age, sex, urban or rural, northern or southern of China, types of work, education level, physical exercise, smoking status, drinking status, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, and serum total cholesterol at baseline, the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all-cause mortality in the fasting blood glucose categories of <60, 60–69, 70–79, 90–99, 100–109, 110–125, and ≥126 mg/dl were 1.38 (1.04–1.84), 1.20 (1.01–1.43), 1.18 (1.03–1.36), 1.18 (0.99–1.41), 1.48 (1.16–1.88), 1.17 (0.84–1.62), and 2.23 (1.72–2.90), respectively, in contrast to the reference group (80–89 mg/dl). The HRs and 95% CIs for cardiovascular disease mortality in these groups were 2.58 (1.44–4.61), 1.41 (0.95–2.10), 1.56 (1.15–2.11), 1.29 (0.88–1.89), 1.36 (0.78–2.37), 1.05 (0.52–2.11), and 2.73 (1.64–4.56), respectively.ConclusionsBoth low and high fasting glucose were significantly associated with increased risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in Chinese general population.     

Physiological changes in the hemolymph of juvenile shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei to sublethal nitrite and nitrate stress in low-salinity waters

Juveniles of the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (3.3 ± 0.4 g) were exposed separately to nitrite (0.0, 1.1, 2.6, and 5.3 mg/L nitrogen as nitrite [NO₂⁻-N]) and nitrate (0, 90, 225 and 400 mg/L nitrogen as nitrate [NO₃⁻-N]) concentrations equivalent to 0, 10, 25, and 50% of the LC₅₀-96 h value of NO₂⁻-N and NO₃⁻-N in low salinity water (3 g/L). Shrimps responded to nitrite and nitrate according to changes in oxyhemocyanin, glucose, lactate and ion levels in the hemolymph after 6, 12, 24, and 48 h of exposure. Oxyhemocyanin levels decreased with increasing nitrite and nitrate levels and were higher at 50% exposure to the contaminants. Compared to the control, glucose and lactate increased significantly at 50% exposure to nitrite and nitrate, particularly at 12 and 24 h. Na⁺ in the hemolymph changed with nitrite and nitrate, while K⁺ only changed ˜with nitrite.     

镇心省睡益智方及其精油对AD模型小鼠学习记忆的影响

目的:观察镇心省睡益智方水提液及其精油对β淀粉样前体蛋白基因/早老素基因(APP/PS1)双转基因小鼠学习记忆的影响并探讨其可能机制。方法:采用APP/PS1双转基因痴呆小鼠及同月龄相同遗传背景C57BL/6JNju小鼠2种小鼠。C57BL/6JNju小鼠作为正常组,APP/PS1双转基因痴呆小鼠随机分为模型组,镇心省睡益智方精油低、高质量浓度组(12.13,48.50 mg·L~(-1)),镇心省睡益智方水提液组(0.46 g·kg~(-1)),每组12只。每天给药1次,连续给药22 d。给药结束后采用跳台实验、Morris水迷宫实验对小鼠行为学能力进行检测,采用尼氏染色观察海马CA1区神经元变化,采用硫磺素(Th S)染色观察海马DG区老年斑(SP)沉积,采用免疫组化法检测小鼠脑组织中葡萄糖转运蛋白1(GLUT1),胰岛素受体底物-1(IRS-1)的表达,采用酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)检测小鼠海马组织中乙酰胆碱(ACH),γ-氨基丁酸(GABA),谷氨酸(GLU)含量的变化。结果:与正常组比较,模型组小鼠跳台实验潜伏期显著缩短,错误次数显著增加(P0.01),Morris水迷宫实验定位航行逃避潜伏期明显延长(P0.05,P0.01),海马CA1区神经元出现缺失,DG区出现明显的老年斑沉积(P0.05),ACH,GLUT1含量均显著下降(P0.01),GABA,GLU水平及IRS-1的表达均显著升高(P0.01);与模型组比较,各给药组均可显著延长小鼠跳台实验潜伏期、减少跳台错误次数(P0.01),明显降低定位航行小鼠逃避潜伏期(P0.05,P0.01),可一定程度保护小鼠海马CA1区神经元,减少DG区老年斑沉积(P0.05,P0.01),明显增加小鼠脑组织中ACH,GLUT1表达(P0.05,P0.01),显著降低GABA,GLU水平及IRS-1的表达(P0.01)。结论:镇心省睡益智方水提液及其精油能够改善APP/PS1小鼠的学习记忆行为,保护神经元,增加脑组织GLUT1的表达,减少脑组织IRS-1的表达,减少老年斑沉积,升高ACH含量,降低GABA,GLU含量,可能是其防治阿尔茨海默症的机制。